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ENGLISH 12 GRAMMAR

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PRONUNCIATION

1. Cách phát âm của –s / -es

- Có 3 cách phát âm –s hoặc –es tận cùng.

* đọc thành âm /s/ với những từ có âm cuối là / p, f, k, t, θ  /

* đọc thành âm /iz/ với những từ có âm cuối là / s, z, ∫, t∫, dƷ/

* đọc thành âm /z/ với những trường hợp còn lại

- Examples:

* /s/: maps, books, hats, coughs, laughs, photographs ….

* /iz/: buses, watches, roses, washes, boxes…..

* /z/: bells, eyes, plays ….

Note: Các từ: photograph, cough, laugh có âm cuối là âm /f/

 

2. Cách phát âm -ed

- Có 3 cách phát âm –ed tận cùng.

* đọc thành âm /id/ với những từ có âm cuối là / t, d /

* đọc thành âm /t/ với những từ có âm cuối là /p, f, k, s, ∫, t∫, θ /

* đọc thành âm /d/ với những trường hợp còn lại

- Examples:

* /id/: wanted, needed, prevented, confided ….

* /t/: looked, stopped, laughed, coughed, sacrificed…..

* /d/: played, seemed, planned…….

- Note: các từ raise, advise, suppose …có âm cuối là /z/

            Từ manage có âm cuối là /dz/

            Từ practice, introduce có âm cuối là /s/

            Từ cough, laugh có âm cuối là /f/

 

EXERCISE

1. A. helps                               B. coughs                     C. cooks                      D. finds

2. A. hours                               B. fathers                     C. dreams                    D. thinks

3. A. arms                                B. suits                         C. chairs                      D. boards

4. A. boxes                              B. classes                     C. potatoes                   D. finishes

5. A. relieves                           B. invents                    C. buys                                    D. deals

6. A. dreams                            B. heals                                    C. kills                         D. tasks

7. A. resources                                     B. stages                      C. preserves                 D. focuses

8. A. villages                            B. whistles                   C. assures                    D. costumes

9. A. offers                              B. mounts                    C. kitchens                   D. words

10. A. likes                              B. works                      C. accidents                 D. names

11. A. sports                            B. households              C. minds                      D. plays

12. a. concerned                      b. raised                       c. developed                d. maintained

13. a. appeared                                    b. agreed                      c. coughed                   d. loved

14. a. sacrificed                       b. trusted                      c. recorded                   d. acted

15. a. laughed                          b. weighed                   c. helped                      d. missed

16. A. opened                          B. knocked                  C. played                     D. occurred

17. A. tipped                            B. begged                     C. quarrelled                D. carried

18. A. tried                              B. obeyed                    C. cleaned                    D. asked

19. A. packed                          B. added                      C. worked                    D. pronounced

20. A. watched                                    B. phoned                    C. referred                   D. followed

 

MỘT SỐ CÁCH HÒA HỢP THÌ GIỮA MỆNH ĐỀ CHÍNH VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ THỜI GIAN

 

Main clause (Mệnh đề chính)	Adverbial clause of time (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)
Hiện tại	Hiện tại
Quá khứ	Quá khứ
Tương lai	Hiện tại

 

1. TLĐ / TLTD + until / when + HTĐ                

                                          I will wait here until she (come) ----------------- back.

2. TLĐ + after + HTHT                                            

                                          He (go) --------------- home after he has finished his work.

3. TLHT + by / by the time / before + HTĐ                            

                                          He (leave) ------------------------by the time you (arrive) -----------------.

4. While / When / As + QKTD, QKĐ                       

                                          While I was going to school, I met my friend.

5. QKĐ + while / when / as + QKTD           

                                         It (start) --------------- to rain while the boys (play) -------------- football.

6. QKTD + while + QKTD      

                     Last night, I was doing my homework while my sister was playing games.

7. HTHT + since + QKĐ                     

                                          I (work) -------------------- here since I (graduate)---------------------.

8. QKĐ + since then + HTHT      

I (graduate) ---------------- in 2002 since then I (work) --------------- here.

9. QKHT + by / by the time / before +  QKĐ                

                                          He (leave) ------------------ by the time I came.

10. Before / By / By the time + QKĐ + QKHT            

                                          Before she (have) ---------------- dinner, she (write) -------------  letter

11.  After + QKHT, QKĐ                             

                                          After I had finished my homework, I (go) --------------- to bed.

12. QKĐ + after + QKHT                      

                                          I (go) ----------------- to bed after I (finish) ---------------- my work.

 

CÁCH ĐỔI THÌ (HTHT à QKĐ)

 

1. S + last + V2/-ed ….+ thời gian + ago.

à S + haven’t / hasn’t + V3/-ed ….+ for + thời gian

à It’s / It has been + thời gian + since + S + last +  V2/-ed…..

à The last time + S +  V2/-ed…. + was + thời gian + ago.

 

2. This is the first time + S + have / has + V3/-ed….

 à S + haven’t / hasn’t / have / has never + V3/-ed …..+ before

 

3. S + began / started + V-ing + ----

   

    à S + have / has + V3/-ed + for / since ---

 

EXERCISE

Choose the best answers

1 Mr. Brown bought this car five years ago.

A. Mr. Brown started to buy this car five years ago.    B. It has been five years when Mr. Brown bought this car

C. Mr. Brown has had this car for five years .                         D. It is five years ago since Mr. Brown bought this car.

2A. It was three months since I lived here.                  B. I’ve been living here for three months.

C. I lived here for three months.                                              D. I didn’t live here for three months.

3. My father hasn’t smoked cigarettes for a month.

A. It’s a month since my father last smoked cigarettes.           B. It’s a month ago that my father smoked cigarettes.

C. It’s a month that my father hasn’t smoked cigarettes.          D. It’s a cigarette that my father smoked a month ago.

4. I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years.

A. It’s years since I last enjoyed myself so much.       B. It’s years since I have enjoyed myself so much.

C. It was years since I had enjoyed myself so much.     D. It has been years since I have enjoyed myself so much.

5. We started working here three years ago.

A. We worked here for three years.                             B. We have no longer worked here for three years.

C. We have worked here for three years.                                 D. We will work here in three years.

6. It’s a long time since we last went to the cinema.

A. We have been to the cinema for a long time.                      B. We haven’t been to the cinema for a long time.

C. We don’t go to the cinema as we used to.               D. We wish we went to the cinema now.

7. I haven’t been here before.

A. Being here is a pleasant experience.                                    B. This is the first time I have been here .

C. I have wished to be here for long.                           D. Before long I will be here.

 

MỘT SỐ LƯU Ý VỚI CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT (REPORTED SPEECH)

1. Tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh:

      a. Mệnh lệnh khẳng định:

                     S + told + O + to V0 …

                           asked

                                       ordered                               

  Eg: “Please wait for a minute.” the man said to me

      à The man …………………………………………………………………………….

       He said to the waiter, “Please bring me some hot water.”

     à He ……………………………………………………………………………………

    b. Mệnh lệnh phủ định:

                                            S  +  ordered  + O + not to V0 …

                              told

                                    asked

   Eg:  “ Please don’t talk loudly”.

         à He asked me ……………………………………………………………………….

          He said “Don’t shut the window, Hoa ”.

        à He ………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Câu tường thuật với To-infinitive:

       a. Không có túc từ:                    S +  V +    to + V0 + …

             (agree, demand, hope, promise, offer, refuse, decide...)

Ex :  They said: “ We’ll come back again” 

    à They ………………………………………………………….                                                                      

      b. Có túc từ:  S +      V + O + to + V0 + …

    (ask, advise, invite, order, recommend, encourage, urge, warn, want., beg, instruct, persuade…)

 

Ex: “You ought to study hard for your exam next week” he said to Hoa.

• He …. ………………………………………………………………..

 

Note:

                        Would you like / Will you ….-> invited

You should / You ought to V1...........

                        If I were you ,

                        You had better + V1…                             -> advised  

                        Why don’t you + V1….

 

Remember…              

                               -> reminded  

Don’t for get...

He said to me, “Would you like to go out for a drink?”

• …. ………………………………………………………………..

My mother told me: “Don’t forget to turn on the light when you go to bed”

• ................................................................................................................

 

3. Câu tường thuật với V-ing:

       a. Không có giới từ:       S +   V +  V-ing …

                       deny (chối  cãi), suggest (đề nghị ), admit (thừa nhận , thú nhận), regret (nuối tiếc)

He said to me; “Let’s go home”

• …. ………………………………………………………………..

      

b. Có giới từ:        S +  V +  giới từ  + V-ing …

accuse sb of                             ( buộc tội)

          apologize to s.o for  s.th           ( xin lỗi)

          thank sb for                             ( cảm ơn)

          blame sb for                             ( đổ thừa)

          congratulate sb on                   ( chúc mừng)

          insist on                                   ( khăng khăng)

           prevent/ stop sb from                          ( ngăn cản ai không  được làm gì)

“It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much,” Tom said to you.

• …. ………………………………………………………………..

“I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said.

• …. ………………………………………………………………..

Note:

How about + V-ing… / Why don’t we + V1 -> suggested                                                                              

Let’s / Let’s not -> suggested

Shall we/ It’s a good idea -> suggested

I’m sorry -> apologized

                        Thank you / Thanks -> thanked

                        Congratulations -> congratulated

John said, “I heard you received the scholarship. Congratulations!”

• …. ………………………………………………………………..

4. Câu điều kiện trong lời nói gián tiếp:

- Đk loại 1: đổi thì, đổi ngôi

- Đk loại 2, 3: chỉ đổi ngôi

She said: “If I have enoughmoney, I will buy a new computer.”

            …………………………………………………………………………..

The boy said: “If I had come to the party, I would have had a good time.”

            …………………………………………………………………………..

 

EXERCISE

1. Mary asked me----------------

          A. whether I would watch the football match on TV the day before.

          B. whether I watched the football match on TV the day before.

          C. If I had watch  the football match on TV the day before.

          D. whether I had watched the football match on TV the day before .

2. “ Don’t forget to give a book to Tom” she said

            A. She reminded me not to forget to give a book back to Tom.

            B. She reminded me to remember to give a book back to Tom.

            C. She reminded me remember to give a book back to Tom.

            D. She reminded me to give a book back to Tom.

3. “You’d better apologize to Sally.” I said

         A. I advised him should apologize to Sally.              B. I advised him apologize to Sally.

         C. I advised him to apologize to Sally.                      D. I advised him had better to apologize to Sally.

4. “I'll never make that mistake again”, Robert said. à Robert promised _______ that mistake again.

          A. no making                 B. not made                   C. never to make